Matter of Moraga

Cite as 23 I&N Dec. 195 (BIA 2001) Interim Decision #3459

引用为 23 I&N Dec. 195 (BIA 2001) 临时决定第3459号

File A76 001 897 - Vermont Service Center

档案 A76 001 897 - 佛蒙特服务中心

Decided October 19, 2001

2001年10月19日决定

U.S. Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review Board of Immigration Appeals

美国司法部 移民审查执行办公室 移民上诉委员会

A child born out of wedlock in El Salvador on or after December 16, 1965, is placed in the same legal position as one born in wedlock once the child’s paternity is established and therefore qualifies as a “legitimated” child under section 101(b)(1)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(b)(1)(C) (1994). Matter of Ramirez, 16 I&N Dec. 222 (BIA 1977), modified.

在1965年12月16日或之后在萨尔瓦多出生的非婚生子女，一旦确立亲子关系，即被置于与婚生子女相同的法律地位，因此符合《移民与国籍法》第101(b)(1)(C)条，8 U.S.C. § 1101(b)(1)(C) (1994) 中“合法化”子女的资格。Matter of Ramirez, 16 I&N Dec. 222 (BIA 1977)，修改。

Pro se

自行出庭

FOR THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE: Thomas K. Ware, Assistant Regional Counsel

代表移民和归化局：Thomas K. Ware，助理区域法律顾问

BEFORE: Board En Banc: SCIALABBA, Acting Chairman; DUNNE, Vice Chairman; SCHMIDT, HOLMES, HURWITZ, VILLAGELIU, FILPPU, COLE, GUENDELSBERGER, MATHON, ROSENBERG, JONES, GRANT, MOSCATO, MILLER, BRENNAN, ESPENOZA, OSUNA, and OHLSON, Board Members.1

全体委员会审理：SCIALABBA，代理主席；DUNNE，副主席；SCHMIDT、HOLMES、HURWITZ、VILLAGELIU、FILPPU、COLE、GUENDELSBERGER、MATHON、ROSENBERG、JONES、GRANT、MOSCATO、MILLER、BRENNAN、ESPENOZA、OSUNA 和 OHLSON，委员会成员。1

OSUNA, Board Member:

OSUNA，委员会成员：

In a decision dated April 4, 1997, the director of the Vermont Service Center (“VSC”) denied the visa petition filed by the petitioner to accord the beneficiary preference status as his daughter pursuant to section 203(a)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(1) (1994). The Immigration and Naturalization Service subsequently certified its decision to us for review, requesting that we reexamine our decision in Matter of Ramirez, 16 I&N Dec. 222 (BIA 1977), in light of relevant changes in Salvadoran law. The VSC director’s decision will be reversed, and the visa petition will be approved.

在1997年4月4日的决定中，佛蒙特服务中心（“VSC”）主任拒绝了申请人根据《移民与国籍法》第203(a)(1)条，8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(1) (1994)，为受益人授予其女儿优先身份而提交的签证申请。移民和归化局随后将其决定认证给我们进行审查，要求我们根据萨尔瓦多法律的相关变化重新审查我们在 Matter of Ramirez, 16 I&N Dec. 222 (BIA 1977) 中的决定。VSC主任的决定将被撤销，签证申请将获批准。

Board Members Frederick D. Hess and Roger Pauley did not participate in the decision in this case.

委员会成员 Frederick D. Hess 和 Roger Pauley 未参与本案决定。

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I. BACKGROUND

一、背景

The petitioner is a 65-year-old native of El Salvador who was naturalized as a citizen of the United States on February 2, 1996. On June 24, 1996, the petitioner filed the instant visa petition on behalf of his daughter, the beneficiary, who is a native and citizen of El Salvador. The beneficiary was born out of wedlock on April 20, 1966, to the petitioner and an individual named Juana Francisca Garcia. The evidence of record contains no indication that the petitioner is or was ever married to the mother of the beneficiary. Additionally, the record indicates that the beneficiary currently resides in El Salvador.

申请人是一名65岁的萨尔瓦多本地人，于1996年2月2日归化为美国公民。1996年6月24日，申请人为其女儿，即受益人，提交了本签证申请，受益人是萨尔瓦多本地人和公民。受益人于1966年4月20日非婚生，父亲为申请人，母亲为名为 Juana Francisca Garcia 的个人。记录中的证据没有表明申请人与受益人的母亲是或曾经结婚。此外，记录表明受益人目前居住在萨尔瓦多。

In support of his visa petition, the petitioner submitted a copy of the beneficiary’s birth certificate, registered on May 3, 1966, which reflects that the petitioner is the father of the beneficiary. The petitioner also submitted a copy of his certificate of naturalization. Additionally, the record contains an opinion, submitted by the Service, from the United States Library of Congress regarding El Salvador’s 1993 Family Code and its interpretation of the status of children born in and out of wedlock. The VSC director noted the following language contained in the opinion:

为支持其签证申请，申请人提交了受益人出生证明的副本，该证明于1966年5月3日登记，显示申请人是受益人的父亲。申请人还提交了其归化证书的副本。此外，记录中包含一份由移民局提交的美国国会图书馆关于萨尔瓦多1993年《家庭法典》及其对婚生和非婚生子女地位解释的意见。VSC主任指出了该意见中的以下语言：

El Salvador eliminated the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate children in 1983, long before the FAMILY CODE was promulgated. On this specific subject, the POLITICAL CONSTITUTION may be paraphrased as follows:

萨尔瓦多于1983年消除了婚生和非婚生子女之间的区别，远在《家庭法典》颁布之前。关于这一具体主题，《政治宪法》可大致表述如下：

Children born in out-of-wedlock and adopted children shall have equality of rights in regard to their parents. It is the parent’s2 obligation to provide their children with protection, assistance, education and security. No mention shall be entered in the records of the Civil Registry of qualification on the nature of parentage. Birth certificates may3 not mention the marital status of the parents . . . .

非婚生子女和收养子女在与其父母的关系上应享有平等权利。父母2有义务为其子女提供保护、援助、教育和安全。民事登记记录中不得记载关于亲子关系性质的限定。出生证明可以3不提及父母的婚姻状况……

The VSC director denied the petitioner’s visa petition. He concluded that the evidence does not demonstrate that the beneficiary has ever qualified as the petitioner’s legitimate child by reason of birth in a jurisdiction that, as of the date of the beneficiary’s birth, has eliminated all distinctions between children born in and out of wedlock. As it appears from the record that the beneficiary’s parents never married, the director also found that the beneficiary did not qualify as a child “legitimated” under the laws of her residence or domicile, as required by section 101(b)(1)(C) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(b)(1)(C) (1994), by virtue of the parents’ marriage before the child turned 18 years of age. Further, the director held that in view of the petitioner’s failure to demonstrate that he and the beneficiary shared a bona fide parent/child relationship before the beneficiary reached the age of 21, the beneficiary also does not qualify as the petitioner’s “illegitimate” child pursuant to section 101(b)(1)(D) of the Act. Therefore, because the petitioner failed to establish that the beneficiary at one

VSC主任拒绝了申请人的签证申请。他得出结论，证据未能证明受益人曾因出生在一个截至受益人出生之日已消除婚生和非婚生子女之间所有区别的司法管辖区而符合申请人合法子女的资格。由于记录显示受益人的父母从未结婚，主任还认定，受益人未能根据《法》第101(b)(1)(C)条，8 U.S.C. § 1101(b)(1)(C) (1994) 的要求，凭借父母在子女年满18岁之前的婚姻，符合其居住地或住所地法律下“合法化”子女的资格。此外，主任认为，鉴于申请人未能证明其与受益人在受益人年满21岁之前存在真实的父母/子女关系，受益人也不符合《法》第101(b)(1)(D)条下申请人的“非婚生”子女资格。因此，由于申请人未能证明受益人曾

2 The Constitution uses the term “parents’.” 3 The Constitution uses the term “shall.”

2 《宪法》使用术语“父母的”。 3 《宪法》使用术语“应”。

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time qualified as his “child” within the meaning of section 101(b)(1), the VSC director concluded that the beneficiary did not qualify for preference status pursuant to section 203(a)(1) of the Act.

一度符合第101(b)(1)条含义内的“子女”，VSC主任得出结论，受益人没有资格根据《法》第203(a)(1)条获得优先身份。

In his decision, however, the VSC director took note of the apparent change in Salvadoran law in 1983. The director thus certified his decision to the Board for review in light of the change in Salvadoran law. In its certification, the Service stated the following:

然而，在其决定中，VSC主任注意到了1983年萨尔瓦多法律的明显变化。主任因此将其决定认证给委员会，以根据萨尔瓦多法律的变化进行审查。在认证中，移民局陈述如下：

The Service has certified this decision to the Board and asks that the Board issue a precedent decision declaring that the law of El Salvador eliminated distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children in 1983. This change means that to prove a relationship between a father and his child only requires acceptable proof of the biological relationship.

移民局已将本决定认证给委员会，并要求委员会发布一项先例决定，宣布萨尔瓦多法律于1983年消除了婚生和非婚生子女之间的区别。这一变化意味着，要证明父亲与其子女之间的关系，只需提供可接受的生物学关系证明。

II. ANALYSIS

二、分析

In visa petition proceedings, the burden is on the petitioner to establish the claimed relationship. Matter of Brantigan, 11 I&N Dec. 493 (BIA 1966). The petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the beneficiary is fully qualified for the benefit sought. Matter of Patel, 19 I&N Dec. 774 (BIA 1988); Matter of Soo Hoo, 11 I&N Dec. 151 (BIA 1965).

在签证申请程序中，申请人有责任确立所主张的关系。Matter of Brantigan, 11 I&N Dec. 493 (BIA 1966)。申请人必须通过优势证据证明受益人完全符合所寻求福利的资格。Matter of Patel, 19 I&N Dec. 774 (BIA 1988)；Matter of Soo Hoo, 11 I&N Dec. 151 (BIA 1965)。

In the present case, the petitioner has filed a visa petition on behalf of the beneficiary under section 203(a)(1) of the Act. That section confers preference status on unmarried sons and daughters of United States citizens. For the beneficiary to qualify for preference status under section 203(a)(1), the petitioner must establish that the beneficiary at one time was able to meet the definition of a “child,” as set forth in section 101(b)(1) of the Act. Matter of Vizcaino, 19 I&N Dec. 644, 645 (BIA 1988); Matter of Bullen, 16 I&N Dec. 378, 379 (BIA 1977); Matter of Coker, 14 I&N Dec. 521 (BIA 1974). According to section 101(b)(1)(C), a “child” includes “an unmarried person under twenty-one years of age who is . . . a child legitimated under the law of the child’s residence or domicile . . . if such legitimation takes place before the child reaches the age of eighteen years and the child is in the legal custody of the legitimating parent or parents at the time of such legitimation.” Also inherent in the statute is the requirement that the petitioner establish that the beneficiary is his biological child. Matter of Bueno, 21 I&N Dec. 1029 (BIA 1997).

在本案中，申请人根据《法》第203(a)(1)条为受益人提交了签证申请。该条赋予美国公民的未婚子女优先身份。为使受益人符合第203(a)(1)条下的优先身份资格，申请人必须证明受益人曾一度能够符合《法》第101(b)(1)条所规定的“子女”定义。Matter of Vizcaino, 19 I&N Dec. 644, 645 (BIA 1988)；Matter of Bullen, 16 I&N Dec. 378, 379 (BIA 1977)；Matter of Coker, 14 I&N Dec. 521 (BIA 1974)。根据第101(b)(1)(C)条，“子女”包括“未满二十一岁的未婚人士，其……根据子女居住地或住所地法律为合法化子女……如果该合法化发生在子女年满十八岁之前，且子女在合法化时处于合法化父母或父母的法定监护下。”该法规还固有要求申请人证明受益人是其亲生子女。Matter of Bueno, 21 I&N Dec. 1029 (BIA 1997)。

In prior decisions, we have defined legitimation as the act of placing a child born out of wedlock in the same legal position as a child born in wedlock. See Matter of Reyes, 17 I&N Dec. 512, 514 (BIA 1980), overruled, Matter of Cabrera, 21 I&N Dec. 589 (BIA 1996) (holding that a subsequent change in the law of the Dominican Republic results in equal legal status of children born in or out of wedlock). “Where less than equality of status results, an act of legitimation is not deemed to have occurred.” Id. With respect to El Salvador, we have previously spoken on how a child born out of wedlock may be acknowledged and “legitimated” by the subsequent marriage of his or her

在之前的决定中，我们将合法化定义为将非婚生子女置于与婚生子女相同法律地位的行为。见 Matter of Reyes, 17 I&N Dec. 512, 514 (BIA 1980)，被推翻，Matter of Cabrera, 21 I&N Dec. 589 (BIA 1996)（裁定多米尼加共和国法律的后续变化导致婚生或非婚生子女享有平等法律地位）。“如果产生的结果少于平等地位，则不视为发生了合法化行为。”同上。关于萨尔瓦多，我们之前曾论述非婚生子女如何可通过其父母随后的婚姻而被承认和“合法化”

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parents. Matter of Ramirez, supra. In Matter of Ramirez, we held that under article 279 of the Civil Code of El Salvador, a child born out of wedlock may be acknowledged by the parents by the act of registering the child’s birth in the office of the Civil Registry and may be legitimated by the marriage of the parents before the child turns 18 years of age. Matter of Ramirez, supra, at 223.

父母。Matter of Ramirez，同上。在 Matter of Ramirez 中，我们认定，根据萨尔瓦多《民法典》第279条，非婚生子女可通过在民事登记处登记其出生而被父母承认，并可通过父母在子女年满18岁之前的婚姻而合法化。Matter of Ramirez，同上，第223页。

The present case involves a different situation. Specifically, we have to decide what effect the 1983 change in law in El Salvador has on children born out of wedlock and, therefore, on subsequent visa petitions filed by their biological parents. Acknowledging the change in Salvadoran law, the VSC director certified his decision to us and suggested that we may need to overrule Matter of Ramirez.

本案涉及不同的情况。具体而言，我们必须决定1983年萨尔瓦多法律的变化对非婚生子女以及因此对其亲生父母随后提交的签证申请有何影响。承认萨尔瓦多法律的变化，VSC主任将其决定认证给我们，并建议我们可能需要推翻 Matter of Ramirez。

The record contains an opinion from the Library of Congress dated May 17, 2000, regarding the legal status of children born out of wedlock in El Salvador. The opinion states that the applicable sources of Salvadoran law, which consist of the 1983 Constitution of El Salvador and the Family Code of El Salvador, no longer distinguish between children born in wedlock and children born out of wedlock. Attached to the legal opinion is a copy of article 36 of the 1983 Constitution, as well as articles 202 and 403 of the Family Code, which were promulgated in 1993. The effective date of article 36 of the Constitution was December 16, 1983.

记录中包含一份国会图书馆日期为2000年5月17日的意见，关于萨尔瓦多非婚生子女的法律地位。该意见指出，萨尔瓦多法律的适用来源，包括1983年萨尔瓦多《宪法》和萨尔瓦多《家庭法典》，不再区分婚生子女和非婚生子女。法律意见附有1983年《宪法》第36条的副本，以及1993年颁布的《家庭法典》第202条和第403条。《宪法》第36条的生效日期为1983年12月16日。

We conclude that there was a change in Salvadoran law in 1983 which served to place children born out of wedlock in the same legal position as children born in wedlock in all respects. See Constitución de la República del Salvador, art. 36 (1983).4 In short, the legal opinion and text of Salvadoran laws submitted by the Library of Congress clearly indicate that the change in Salvadoran law resulted in full “equality of status” between children born in wedlock and

我们得出结论，1983年萨尔瓦多法律发生了变化，该变化旨在将所有方面的非婚生子女置于与婚生子女相同的法律地位。见 Constitución de la República del Salvador，第36条 (1983)。4 简而言之，国会图书馆提交的法律意见和萨尔瓦多法律文本明确表明，萨尔瓦多法律的变化导致了婚生子女与非婚生子女之间完全的“地位平等”

4 Article 36 states as follows:

4 第36条规定如下：

Children born in or out of wedlock and adopted children, shall have equal rights before their parents. It is the obligation of these to give their children protection, assistance, education and security.

婚生或非婚生子女以及收养子女，在其父母面前应享有平等权利。父母有义务为其子女提供保护、援助、教育和安全。

The records of the Civil Register shall not indicate any sign [calificacion] of the nature of filiation, nor shall birth certificates express the civil status of the parents.

民事登记记录不得表明任何亲子关系性质的标记[calificacion]，出生证明也不得表达父母的民事身份。

Every person has the right to have a name that identifies him. The secondary law will regulate this matter.

每个人都有权拥有一个表明其身份的姓名。次级法律将规范此事项。

The law shall also determine the forms of investigating and establishing paternity.

法律还应确定调查和确立亲子关系的形式。

Inter-University Associates, Inc., Release 98-5, Constitutions of the Countries of the World, Republic of El Salvador 7 (Gisbert H. Flanz ed., Reka Koerner trans., 1998).

Inter-University Associates, Inc.，第98-5号发布，《世界各国宪法》，萨尔瓦多共和国 7（Gisbert H. Flanz 编，Reka Koerner 译，1998年）。

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children born out of wedlock. See Family Code of El Salvador, art. 202 (1993).5 Thus, we find that El Salvador has eliminated all legal distinctions between children born in wedlock and those born out of wedlock, effective as of December 16, 1983.

非婚生子女。见《萨尔瓦多家庭法典》第202条（1993年）。5 因此，我们认定，萨尔瓦多自1983年12月16日起，已消除婚生子女与非婚生子女之间的一切法律区别。

Where a child was born out of wedlock, but later becomes “legitimated,” the provisions of section 101(b)(1)(C) of the Act apply. When a country where a beneficiary was born and resides eliminates all legal distinctions between children born in wedlock and children born out of wedlock, all natural children are deemed to be the legitimate or legitimated offspring of their natural father from the time that country’s laws are changed. Matter of Hernandez, 19 I&N Dec. 14, 17 (BIA 1983); Matter of Sanchez, 16 I&N Dec. 671 (BIA 1979); Matter of Wong, 16 I&N Dec. 646 (BIA 1978). In Matter of Hernandez, supra, we noted that, notwithstanding the fact that a statute or decree confers legitimacy from birth on all children then living, for purposes of United States immigration law the age of the child at the time of this legitimation is controlling. Any act of legitimation must take place before the child reaches the age of 18. Id.

凡子女为非婚生，但后来成为“准正”的，适用该法第101(b)(1)(C)条的规定。当受益人出生并居住的国家消除婚生子女与非婚生子女之间的一切法律区别时，所有自然子女自该国法律变更之时起，均被视为其生父的婚生或准正后代。Matter of Hernandez, 19 I&N Dec. 14, 17 (BIA 1983)；Matter of Sanchez, 16 I&N Dec. 671 (BIA 1979)；Matter of Wong, 16 I&N Dec. 646 (BIA 1978)。在Matter of Hernandez, supra中，我们指出，尽管法规或法令赋予当时所有在世子女自出生起的婚生地位，但为美国移民法之目的，准正时子女的年龄具有控制性。任何准正行为必须在子女年满18岁之前发生。Id.

In light of the 1983 change in Salvadoran law, we modify our holding in Matter of Ramirez, supra, to the extent that a child born out of wedlock who was under 18 years of age on December 16, 1983, or who was born on or after that date, may now qualify as the legitimated child of his or her parent for visa petition purposes.6 In effect, this means that a child must have been born on or after December 16, 1965, in order to benefit from the 1983 change of law.7 All children who were 18 years of age or older on December 16, 1983, must continue to meet the requirements for legitimation under the former Salvadoran law, as set forth in Matter of Ramirez, supra.

鉴于1983年萨尔瓦多法律的变化，我们修改在Matter of Ramirez, supra中的裁定，即：在1983年12月16日未满18岁的非婚生子女，或在该日或之后出生的非婚生子女，现在可以为签证申请目的而符合其父或母的准正子女资格。6 实际上，这意味着子女必须出生于1965年12月16日或之后，才能受益于1983年的法律变更。7 所有在1983年12月16日已年满18岁或以上的子女，必须继续满足Matter of Ramirez, supra中所述的前萨尔瓦多法律下的准正要求。

5 Article 202 of the Family Code states that “[a]ll children whatsoever the nature of their filiation have the same family rights and obligations.” Article 403 of the Family Code repealed many provisions of the Civil Code relating to domestic relations, including those pertaining to children born out of wedlock. According to the Library of Congress’ analysis, once a child’s paternity has been established, the effects concerning parental authority, inheritance, and any other rights are completely equal, regardless of whether the child was born in or out of wedlock. 6 To establish a child’s paternity, if he or she is born out of wedlock, the acknowledgment of the child according to the legal procedures established by the Family Code may be required. See also Constitución de la República del Salvador, art. 32 (1983). 7 In its certification to us, the Service requests that we use December 16, 1965, as the date upon which a child must have been born on or after in order to be legitimated. It would appear that the Service has chosen the date December 16, 1965, because that is 18 years prior to the effective date of the 1983 Constitution. As the 1983 Constitution was the law that placed children born out of wedlock in the same legal position as children born in wedlock, we accept December 16, 1965, as the date a child in El Salvador must have been born on or after in order to be legitimated pursuant to the 1983 change of law.

5 《家庭法典》第202条规定，“所有子女，无论其亲子关系性质如何，均享有相同的家庭权利和义务。”《家庭法典》第403条废除了《民法典》中许多关于家庭关系的条款，包括与非婚生子女有关的条款。根据国会图书馆的分析，一旦子女的亲子关系得以确立，关于亲权、继承及任何其他权利的效力完全平等，无论该子女为婚生或非婚生。 6 为确立子女的亲子关系，如该子女为非婚生，可能要求按照《家庭法典》规定的法律程序对该子女予以认领。另见《萨尔瓦多共和国宪法》第32条（1983年）。 7 在其向我们提交的认证中，移民局请求我们使用1965年12月16日作为子女必须出生于该日或之后才能被准正的日期。移民局似乎选择1965年12月16日，是因为该日期是1983年宪法生效日期之前18年。由于1983年宪法是将非婚生子女置于与婚生子女相同法律地位的法律，我们接受1965年12月16日作为萨尔瓦多子女必须出生于该日或之后才能依据1983年法律变更被准正的日期。

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Cite as 23 I&N Dec. 195 (BIA 2001) Interim Decision #3459

引用为 23 I&N Dec. 195 (BIA 2001) 临时决定第3459号

We now direct our attention to the facts presented in this case. The record reflects that the beneficiary, who was born in El Salvador on April 20, 1966, was under 18 years of age as of December 16, 1983. We therefore conclude that the beneficiary was legitimated under the laws of her residence or domicile prior to reaching the age of 18, as required by section 101(b)(1)(C) of the Act. Further, we find that the petitioner has met the legal custody requirement of section 101(b)(1)(C) of the Act, as interpreted in Matter of Rivers, 17 I&N Dec. 419 (BIA 1980) (holding that a natural father is presumed to have legal custody of his child at the time of legitimation in the absence of affirmative evidence indicating otherwise). Therefore, the beneficiary qualifies as a “child” under section 101(b)(1)(C) of the Act, and she is therefore eligible for preference status under section 203(a)(1) of the Act. Matter of Martinez, 21 I&N Dec. 1035 (BIA 1997). Accordingly, the VSC director’s decision will be reversed, and the visa petition will be approved.

我们现在将注意力转向本案所呈现的事实。记录显示，受益人于1966年4月20日出生于萨尔瓦多，截至1983年12月16日未满18岁。因此，我们认定，受益人已在其年满18岁之前，依据其居住地或住所地法律被准正，符合该法第101(b)(1)(C)条的要求。此外，我们认定，申请人已满足该法第101(b)(1)(C)条的法律监护要求，如Matter of Rivers, 17 I&N Dec. 419 (BIA 1980)所解释（裁定：在无相反肯定证据的情况下，推定生父在准正时对其子女拥有法律监护权）。因此，受益人符合该法第101(b)(1)(C)条下的“子女”资格，因而有资格获得该法第203(a)(1)条下的优先地位。Matter of Martinez, 21 I&N Dec. 1035 (BIA 1997)。据此，VSC主任的决定将被撤销，签证申请将被批准。

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